The Role of Others in the Formation of the Self Essay

To many, it may seem others play an important role in the formation of self. When we interact with others, make comparisons with others and live out our social roles we seem to be affected – so we assume that so is the formation of our â€Å"self†. In reality, it isn’t affected. With an idealist view of a non-physical self, that also possesses continuity and unity it can be exposed how flawed this view of self is, and how others play no role whatsoever in the formation of the self. However, our sensory knowledge which is deceptive, leads us to believe in an incorrect view of self, causing the illusion of the importance of the role of others in the formation of the self. Initially, we must realise our view of self may be mistaken, so before†¦show more content†¦Dualists, such as Descartes have presented fairly weak responses to the problem, who stated that the casual interaction takes place in a physical gland in the brain. Hence, most plausible is idealism, which presents a purely non-physical self, and outlines how the so-called â€Å"real-world† is inseparable from our mind and its perceptions, and we are simply deluded to believe that it is the ultimate reality on its own. Just as when we are sub-conscious or in a dream, what we experience seems to exist and is real – only until our awakening into a conscious state do we realise it is not. For the only difference between experiencing a â€Å"dream† and â€Å"worldly reality† is our doubt of events that may occur (we know we cannot fly in reality but may accept we can in a dream). Similarly, it is our ignorance and false perception that leads us to believe in the world as the ultimate reality. Only if we reach a â€Å"super conscious† state that is, to unite with our true self – the ultimate reality, can we understand the fallacy of our perceptions about the world. But an idealist view of a non-physical self is not enough to answer the problem. For, it could be our ego, or the mind but we must realize the self is deeper than this. The â€Å"Self† is not only deep and immaterial, but an absolute, eternal and indestructible entity that is the pure consciousness and ultimate reality - free from illusion and falseShow MoreRelatedAdolescence Is A Transitional Period Of Physical And Psychological Development1313 Words   |  6 Pagesexploratory developmental experiences including, identity formation, development and growth. During this period adolescents are in the process of furthering social relationships, of finding their place in society, and of making important choices for their future lives. While it’s a time for tremendous growth and potential, on the path of identity, the individual encounter many challenges such as struggling with the idea of self-concept or/and self-esteem which exert powerful influences. The psychologistsRead MoreSpiritual Formation1595 Words   |   7 PagesSPIRITUAL FORMATION THROUGHOUT THE LIFESPAN BY SOMMER BARNES LIBERTY UNIVERSITY ONLINE Abstract In this research paper, I will try to illustrate my hypothesis of spiritual formation throughout the lifespan by using my interpretation of a collection of theories. The theories I will refer to include Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory, Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory, and Kohlberg’s Development of Moral Reasoning Theory. In Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development, he develops a theory of cognitiveRead MoreCreating Meaning and Identity through Consumption Essay1307 Words   |  6 Pagesidentities through consumption, this means more than to consume products which are needed to survive, consumption can also link to self-identity formation and expression. People are imperceptibly influenced by the mass media that self-identity can be shaped and formed through consuming specific products. 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Persuasive Essay On Homeschool - 834 Words

Imagine a child who has never experienced the joys of a school dance, never had the chance to participate in a formal graduation, and was never able to experience the small joys of pleasant cafeteria banter: this is the life of most homeschooled children. Today, most students will attend typical public or private schools, but a few students choose to travel down different paths like homeschooling. Homeschooling is a form of education that is primarily taught at home and typically involves one-on-one learning from a private teacher or educated parent. Each homeschooled student follows a somewhat structured curriculum based on state guidelines. Homeschool is very much like public school except, with few distractions. I, personally, would†¦show more content†¦As the year progressed though, she seemed to wilt like a flower. She was no longer happy and preferred to be alone. She transferred out of my elementary school the next year, and I never saw her again. I only found out yea rs later that she was tirelessly bullied for her delayed speech and odd behavior. It saddens me to think that she left school because of that, but it’s probably for the best since the bullying may have gotten worse if she stayed. I’m sure she is very happy in her new homeschooling program. My other friend, Sam is the complete opposite of Cali, yet he still ended up being homeschooled. Sam decided to leave school around the third grade because he simply wasn’t challenged enough and grew uninterested in school altogether. It was rumored that he had a IQ of around 190 and was working on Algebra II at home with the textbooks his parents got him for Christmas. He spoke Spanish and Chinese and he seemed to have no flaws besides the fact that he was socially awkward. After he transferred out of our school, he started experimenting with chemicals during his free time after homeschool. He discovered that McDonalds chicken nuggets have traces of plastic in them and he won a national prize for his discovery. He finished homeschool and graduated in two years. I now hear that he is attending some tiny unnamed college in Canada studying to be a STEM researcher. Sometimes people can accomplish the craziest of things if you just give them the opportunities toShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Essay On Homeschool1764 Words   |  8 Pagesa bad/poor parent did. However, for many reasons, between 2007 and 2013, the number of homeschooled students raised 17% (Carter, 2015). Have you ever wondered why people would choose to homeschool when it has commonly had a less than positive reputation? A significant number of people who choose to homeschool have said that they chose that route due to moral or religious reasons, however, the National Center for Education reports that 74% of homeschooling parents said it is due to the environment

An International Marketing Management Commerce Essay Free Essays

International Marketing Management assignment gave me the chance to larn and research on this interesting subject. I have some cognition already about that how companies enter into new markets and how they capture and attract new markets but this chance helped me to cognize more about how companies go globally with the aid of available different market entry schemes and expand their concerns. Part-1 Discuss the normally held belief that there is no individual market entry scheme which is appropriate in all fortunes. We will write a custom essay sample on An International Marketing Management Commerce Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Different market entry schemes available throughout the universe depend which state you are. There are different methods and processs geographically, the nature of the concern is besides the chief point and particularly the worth and compatibility between two or more involved parties. The celebrated good known market entry scheme regulations are same globally. Companies ever go for different market schemes to come in to new markets it ‘s non possible to follow the same market entry scheme for all concerns and for all organisations. When any company plans to come in in other abroad market there are assortment of options available for companies but it involves really high costs, hazard and takes long clip to detect and take concluding measure to acquire in. The simplest and the traditional entry scheme is exporting utilizing both ways direct or indirect methods such as agent or an intermediary individual. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.fao.org/docrep/w5973e/w5973e0b.htm Further below I have mentioned and explained the market entry schemes which are normally followed by organisations to come in to abroad and international markets. There are following schemes largely used by big, SMEs and fabrication companies which are: Licensing Exporting Foreign Direct Investment Joint Venture A ; Alliances Franchising Mergers A ; Acquisition Green Field Strategy Green Field Strategy A green field scheme is to come in into a new market without the aid of another concern who is already at that place. An acquisition is the antonym of a green field entry. Exporting Exporting is described as the selling and the gross revenues of local manufactured goods in abroad which is traditional and good cognize established method to capture abroad markets. The advantage is that in exporting it is non required that the specific merchandise must be produced in the mark state, during exporting no foreign investing is required but the disbursals and costs involves for exporting and holding a good concern is that exporter demands to pass on selling. Licensing The proprietor of any trade name or the company who holds the rights and they give the permission to utilize rights against money in order to selling those different merchandises to the universe by different parties. These sorts of merchandises are largely intangible and non possible to copy by others because of hallmarks, patents and merchandise techniques. The licensee is the individual who pays to acquire rights of utilizing license rights. Licensing is good for licenser and licensee both earns good net incomes but there is hazard for licenser if the licensee does n’t maintain the criterions and good quality controls because this will damage the image of trade name. Joint Venture Joint venture is a celebrated term and we have many illustrations in our practical life. It helps companies to turn like one plus one is equal to three. When same nature of concern articulations and work together it assist a batch and opportunities of positive results addition. The aims involved in joint venture are: Market Entry Risk/Reward Sharing Technology Sharing Joint Product Development Skills A ; cognition sharing Conforming authorities ordinances Few issues are thinkable before go for joint ventures like ownership, contract length, control, pricing, engineering transportation and resources. Foreign Direct Investment ( FDI ) Foreign Direct Investment is investing which you can do straight in any state but different things includes before you go for FDI like regulations A ; ordinances, permissions, transportation of capital, forces and engineering. FDI can go on with the aid of constitution of the new endeavor or may be through the acquisition of an bing entity. Direct ownership helps to hold a good control in the operations, competitory environment and to better cognize the consumers. A good illustration of FDI is Euro Disney when Walt Disney had a challenge to construct Disney park in Europe they chose the foreign direct investing. Mergers A ; Acquisition Merger word merely explains the assemblage of something. Mergers is concern word is when different companies manus shingle and promise to work together called amalgamations. One plus one is equal to three, this sentence is rather celebrated in amalgamations state of affairs. It works to make stockholder value over and above that Sun of the two companies. After unifying the worth of both companies is more valuable than two separate entities. There is somewhat difference between amalgamations and acquisition. When a company takes over other company and go a new proprietor it is called as acquisition and when two companies ‘ merges and work together is called amalgamations. A good illustration of meeting is YouTube amalgamations with google.com. Franchising Franchising is a method of utilizing successful available concern theoretical accounts. Franchisor gives permission to Franchisee to utilize the rights of that concern theoretical account. With the aid of that theoretical account franchisee sells and markets the merchandises and services. It ‘s more like to hold distribution of specific hallmark and the franchisee pays in return what services and merchandises they use in their concern. Very good illustrations of franchise in today universe are McDonalds, Burger King, KFC, Subway and New York Pizza. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.quickmba.com/strategy/global/marketentry/ hypertext transfer protocol: //www.magnetsigns.com/franchising.php hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_entry_strategy hypertext transfer protocol: //www.investopedia.com/university/mergers/mergers1.asp Above mentioned different market entry schemes help different concerns to turn but it depends on the nature and size of the concern besides. This is really of import how large or little is the company and how much it deserving. Different types of houses are: Different types of houses constructions fundamentally used which are called, Small A ; Medium Enterprises, Manufacturing, Services Based, and Multinational corporations or Global houses. Small and Medium Enterprises Small and medium endeavors ( SMEs or Small A ; Medium Buisness ) are the companies who have limited turnover and below certain bounds. This term is widely used in EU and in international organisations such as UN and WTO. This term is predominately used in USA and Canada. Traditionally in EU it was different and they had their ain definitions bit non they have standardized the construct. e.g.. Companies with less than 10 employees called micro, companies holding employees less than 50 called little and 250 employees as medium. Manufacturing Firm Manufacturing house can be from any industry which produces merchandises from natural stuffs utilizing labour land, machines and capital. In other manner fabricating house is a company who assembles goods into finished signifier for terminal users to carry through their demands. Fabrication houses can be automotive, vesture, electronics, furniture, machinery, steel, crude oil merchandises and tools etc. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.answers.com/topic/manufacturing Service Based Firm Any services based house is a concern that provides installations and work attempts for the others and charges them for these services and most of the times the services based houses provides their services harmonizing to contract footings. Netherlands is the really good illustration of supplying services, they supplying their accomplishments and techniques worldwide. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.answers.com/topic/business-service-firm Multinational Corporations Multinational Corporation is a house that has its installations, operations and assets in at least one state other than its place state. This type of house has offices and mills in different parts of the universe. One caput office in center of all and from their control and instruct planetary direction. Above I have explained and mentioned besides when its utile to utilize which market entry scheme and for what type of an organisation. But there is something else besides really considerable issue like before come ining to any market demand to mensurate degree of hazards, political hazard, fiscal, civilization factors and geographic distance. Plague is used to mensurate different hazards and larn how its possible to get by that hazards. But I have used a revised version called PESTLE analysis which is more suited in this instance: PESTLE Analysis PESTLE stands for â€Å" Political, Economic, Sociological, Technological, Legal and Environmental † factors. Its utile tool to understand the state of affairs of any market and larn good before you step in to that market it helps to hold a clear position for your concern. The possible inquiries for any house are: What are the cardinal political factors likely to impact the industry? What are the of import economic factors? What cultural facets are most of import? What technological inventions are likely to happen? What current and at hand statute law may impact the industry? What are the environmental considerations? A A Political Current revenue enhancement policy Future revenue enhancement policy The current and future political support Grants, support and enterprises Trade organic structures Consequence of wars or declining dealingss with peculiar states Economic Overall economic state of affairs Strength of consumer disbursement Current and future degrees of authorities disbursement Ease of entree to loans Current and future degree of involvement rates, rising prices and unemployment Specific revenue enhancement policies and tendencies Exchange rates Sociological Demographics Lifestyle forms and alterations Attitudes towards issues such as instruction, corporate duty and the environment Social mobility Media positions and perceptual experiences Cultural and spiritual differences Technological Relevant current and future engineering inventions The degree of research support The ways in which consumers make purchases Intellectual belongings rights and right of first publication violations Global communicating technological progresss Legal Legislation in countries such as employment, competition and wellness A ; safety Future statute law alterations Changes in European jurisprudence Trading policies Regulative organic structures Environmental The degree of pollution created by the merchandise or service Recycling considerations Attitudes to the environment from the authorities, media and consumers Current and future environmental legislative alterations hypertext transfer protocol: //www.marketingminefield.co.uk/marketing-plan/pestle-analysis.html Part-2 Franchising is the common method of come ining services markets abroad. What is the particular attractive force of International franchising to both spouses? What is franchising? Franchising is a signifier of entrepreneurship. Harmonizing to Shane and Hoy ( 1996, p 325 ) there have been surveies about entrepreneurship, but the country of franchising has stayed rather undiscovered. There are many things that make franchising particular compared to other signifiers of entrepreneurship. Franchising can be described as a strategic cooperation between two parts – the franchiser and the franchisee. They are runing under the same company name every bit good as utilizing an indistinguishable concern thought and a concern construct. The franchiser is the chief proprietor of the concern construct and the company name and licences the right of utilizing these further to the franchisee against certain fees and royalties. The franchiser normally has a contract with several franchisees at the same clip. ( Shane and Hoy, 1996, p 325 A ; 326 ) . Franchising is a popular concern format in the retail concern ( Kaufmann and Dant, 1999, p 11 ) . In 2003, 43 per centum of all franchising activities in Finland took topographic point in retail concern ( see figure 1 on the following page ) . This is 76 per centum of the registered franchising ironss wholly. ( The Finish Franchising Association, 7.7.2006 ) Franchising can be really attractive to franchisees since many franchisin g companies offer and even necessitate much cooperation along the manner. In comparing to a pure entrepreneurship, with franchising relationship the new franchisee is provided with a complete and tried concern thought, established hallmark and aid with startup. In add-on, the franchisee gets supplier price reductions every bit good as support from experienced subdivision and market experts through a web of other franchisees and company employees. ( Franchisenet, 7.7.2006 ) This said, the franchisee gets multiple competitory advantages compared to pure enterprisers on the concern ( Kaufmann and Dant, 1999, P 1112 ) . For the licensee, the negative side of franchising is that the franchisee is bind to obey the general understanding, which is normally really rigorous. Therefore the franchisee has an highly limited freedom to run. ( Franchisenet, 7.7.2006 ) For the franchisee the relation can be said to be something between a regular payjob and pure entrepreneurship and is frequently a measure in passage from the former to the latter. Franchising is a manner to pattern entrepreneurship. In a franchising relationship the franchisee is the proprietor of his ain concern but is still connected to a bigger organisation and being supervised. It has to be noted, though, that the franchisee is the one bearing the fiscal hazards of the concern. However, since franchising companies normally select their franchisees carefully the hazard for neglecting in this concern is less important than in the pure entrepreneurship. ( Kaufmann and Dant, 1999 ) More information about franchising and franchising chances can be found in following web pages: www.franchiset.net, www.franchising.org and www.franchising.com. Professionals of Franchising, how it helps franchisee to derive capital and how it allows houses to spread out fundamentally utilizing the possible franchisees ain capital. Opportunities of Success The opportunities of success are high when you are holding franchise sort of concern because you do concern of that merchandises and services which are worldwide celebrated, proven and recognized. Its easy to see how successful franchising and this sort of concern are ever expand and turn really fast, franchising usher you through the whole procedure of concern and usher you with their experiences and makes you successful besides by independent concern. In short in franchising the opportunities of success are ever high. Avoid Start up Mistakes Franchising helps you and do really easy to star up your franchise, this is truly helpful and salvage you from initial which largely happen when you start new concern. But while franchising the experts already experienced that sort of hurdlings so they know really good how to salvage your ego from loses and hazard while get downing new concern at new location. Brand Awareness This is the large great impact for you when you buy any constituted local, national, international or planetary trade name, you do n’t necessitate to make selling battles because people are already cognizant of that brands gustatory sensation and cognize good the value. Franchisee enjoys the name acknowledgment and the big familiar company associated with you. Product and Service Acceptance Franchise contains standard merchandises and provides the same criterion merchandises to their all franchisees ; due to the extremely established standard the merchandises are extremely acceptable. This is a large benefit of client consciousness which usually takes ling clip to construct this sort of trust for your clients. Mugwump but non entirely To be franchise proprietor is a great thing because you do n’t necessitate to worry that much, you work hard but on the other manus the franchisor squad helps you a batch to construct your concern strong. You get fiscal security for your household, earn more money and all is yours after paying other costs. This franchising web reduces your hazard and allows you to bask the success of that clip what you have word hard. Training and Support Franchisor provides besides different preparation Sessionss and different sort of support at each measure where you face any job. These preparation and support helps to be successful in your concern and salvage you in future signifier dearly-won errors and cut down hazards for you at all degrees. Peer to peer networking Peer to peer networking give you entree to the web of concern proprietors who are in the same concern and have experienced and sing the state of affairs which you might confront besides. So this networking helps each others how to acquire rid from different difficult times and jobs. Its great advantage and invaluable chance for proprietors. Buying Power It involves the economic systems of graduated table the franchisor maintain criterion and purchase merchandises from good known and trusted provider where they can answer they will hold the same gustatory sensation and size of merchandises ever. The franchisor ever have good and high degree relationships with providers and providers besides cares a batch because of holding large purchasers for their merchandises. In the same manner the franchisor provides the good value of goods to their franchises and clients. Ongoing Development Development in any concern is really of import otherwise companies do n’t last for long clip. Better criterions, working conditions ; add new engineerings and accomplishments are really of import. Another advantage for the franchisee is that franchisor provides the costs for these sort of developments and seek their best with the aid of their development squads to procure the hereafter of the concern. It a large support for single and these supports are really supportive and sufficient to merchandise development. Fiscal Support If fiscal support is needed and you are in concern with a recognized and good cognize franchisor it will assist you to acquire finance really easy. Because the loaners believe that you are linked with a good web concern and they can trust and experience less hazard to impart money if the concern is a portion of the well structured concern theoretical account and system. Company Wide Connections If you clients demands occupation and you are non able to supply or assist so there are still possibilities to utilize your franchises web and that will assist you to happen the needed demands. They try their best to assist you and happen similar concern for you. Individual Roles with Common Goals Every concern major jail is net income if there is non net income than no concern besides. Franchisees aim is to run a profitable concern and grow with seeable alterations and back up the franchisor concern systems and to give more value to trade name. Oppositely franchisor has to give a healthy leading and clear ends to assist franchisees to turn and protect the trade name. This common apprehension and aid physiques trade name stronger. Deriving a Competitive Edge Business gets competitory border with the aid of sharing resources, accomplishments and cognition. Selling your Business First there are really few opportunities that a franchisee would wish to sell because they want to lose a fixed sort net incomes and a good concern. But sometimes it happens proprietors came in fiscal job and decided to sell. Whenever you decide to sell a franchise it is attractive and likely to sell really fast at higher monetary value. Working together is Smart and Fun Working together in squads and with common apprehension is great and large merriment besides. Franchise provides people chance and opportunities to run their egos independently. Gives more bravery and experience free to work and utilize their divine ideas. This is because of the big organisation regulations criterions and good relation of employees. Some disadvantages of franchising and hazard involved for franchisee. To follow a system All Franchises have their ain concern theoretical accounts and they operate and require their franchisees besides to follow the the same concern theoretical account in all state of affairs and there is no flexibleness in that instance. If person found pretermiting the regulation and ordinances of that theoretical account they will penalized. The processs, regulations and ordinances vary between franchise concerns. Fees The franchise is bound to pay for the initial colony and franchise fees, preparation, selling and other costs which incurred during puting up new franchise. Trading Area Before you get settled franchises the franchisee provide a feasibleness study and inquire for the permission to hold concern at coveted country or location. If they accept so you can continue farther otherwise you need to subject a new location program. Restrictions Many limitations involved besides which bound the franchisee to take different actions. Franchisee non allowed to purchase merchandises or services from any station, there is listed and recognized provider which you can utilize to purchase needed merchandises. You can non sell straight your concern you need a permission of franchisor and so you can take farther stairss to sell your concern. Controls You need to command on regular bases and the squad of from franchisor is sent on a regular basis besides for controls. If they found any irresponsibility and lack you can be in large job and it non acceptable at any cost because this sort of sloppiness amendss the trade name image and concern. Franchising is spread outing rapidly in developing states besides and it ‘s good to both parties. It provided occupations and the trade names proprietors gaining money and turning their name worldwide. There are some hazards involved besides for investors and the trade name proprietors which I described above. Franchises get engineering, accomplishments and concern transportation in their states and it helps to better state economic system. The local concern attempt to copy that concern theoretical account but they are non allowed to make 100 per centum but still they do it increase competition but still the universe recognised trade names have more penchant among clients that why franchisee take hazard of investing. How to cite An International Marketing Management Commerce Essay, Essay examples

Impact of Gst free essay sample

FMCG sector with a market size of $13. 1 billion is the fourth largest sector in the economy. A well established distribution network, intense competition between the organised and unorganised segments characterises the sector and makes it a unique sector. Even at the time of recession, growth in FMCG sector has not slowed down which makes it an important contributor for tax revenue. In fact, among the MNCs, their Indian arms have contributed more to parent entities than foreign counterparts because of the large market size and domestic consumption. This is one of the reasons why the government has never provided much direct incentives or benefits to this sector. From a tax perspective, FMCG sector has been constantly contributing at the highest rate to the government kitty, more so from the perspective of indirect tax on account of its nature of taxation which is levied on consumption rather than income. In India, indirect tax has a multiple tax structure — taxes at central level such as excise, service tax and customs, and taxes at state level such as VAT and entry tax. Further, there are local levies like octroi. On account of various taxes, the total tax impact on FMCGs is almost 20-30% which is among the highest in the world. From time to time, the government has provided certain benefits in the form of location incentive which has been utilised by the FMCG sector. For example, excise benefit granted in the state of Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand has made most of the FMCG companies to locate their manufacturing facility in the hilly states. These benefits were limited to companies that had set up their operations prior to March 31, 2010, due to which the companies were not able to expand their operations since the benefit would have not accrued to them. However, by a recent circular, the ambiguity has been cleared. Now, even expansion would be eligible for the benefit though the same would be restricted to the initial period of 10 years. This has brought a new lifeline to the FMCG sector, which would help them to expand their capacity. In addition to these multiple taxes, the real complexity for the sector is the variance in tax rates. Excise duty rate varies from 4% to 10%, and VAT rate varies from 4% to 15%. Further, what is more worrying is that there is no consistency of VAT rate for a same product in all the states. For example, health drink is taxable at 5% in Maharashtra, while the same product is taxable at 12. 625% in Kerala. Though VAT was expected to have a unified tax rate system across the country, the same could not stand up to its expectation. Even after almost six years of the introduction of VAT, instead of moving forward from an ill-fated sales tax regime to a coherent VAT regime, we seem to be going backwards. The states have forgotten the basic principle of having standard tax rate across the nation. Most of the states have changed the agreed VAT rate of 4%/12. 5% by either enhancing the VAT rate or toting up taxes in addition to VAT. Gujarat was the first state to increase the rate, followed by Andhra Pradesh, Haryana, New Delhi, Maharashtra and others. Also, there are various classification disputes which have not been settled under the VAT period. For example, whether ghee, which is used by both consumer and industries, can be classified under industrial input schedule? Also, whether entry for drugs and medicines would cover even medicated goods. Some states include the same while in other states the dispute continues. There are many such instances for which there is no answer. In such a scenario, tax authorities continue to levy tax on a whim and the industry has no alternative but to litigate with a hope that at some level good sense shall prevail. In addition to VAT and excise duty, there is Central sales tax. To trounce the CST impact, businesses have located themselves in each state, though the same was also done to get closer to customers. Presence of FMCG sector in almost all states has created other challenges in obtaining entry permit/way bill, which hampers free movement of goods. It is still difficult to answer why a country needs to have so many barriers for movement of goods. It can be understood that states want to have some checks to control tax leakages but that should not be at the cost of business. The real reason for having check post and permits has vanished and is being misused by tax authorities. Today, in states like Uttar Pradesh, authorities are holding business at ransom for way bills. Such controls have only created hassles for the industry. It’s time we learn from global economies the way to provide freedom to businesses. For example, the European Union still does not have such complex procedures and barriers for movement of goods from one member country to another. However, a silver lining is the advent of GST. GST promises to be the most significant initiative of independent India. GST would result in a major rationalisation and simplification of the consumption tax structure at both the Centre and state level by replacing all central and state level indirect taxes such as VAT, excise duty and service tax. GST is the most ambitious indirect tax reform in India ever attempted and aims to create one â€Å"borderless† domestic market. It will tax â€Å"consumption† against â€Å"production†, which is the current norm. GST would have immense impact on the industry, especially the FMCG sector. GST would be a tax on transaction, which would be neutral to factors of production, business processes, business models, organisational structures, product substitutes and geographical locations. Business can function and take decision based on commercial perspective rather than tax impact. Business would have to start challenging the existing business structure and start planning whether the same needs to be continued in GST scenario, for example whether depots are required in all states, since CST would not be in existence. It is a fact that the government has to take various steps on IT and administrative set up so that GST is implemented. There is continuous discussion on GST model, rate structure and other attributes but there are no clear answers. It is critical that industry starts identifying various areas such as classification, rates, treatment of present incentives, faith in check post to represent before the empowered committee and the government so that there is a smooth transition to GST and there is no adverse impact. We hope that in the coming Budget, the government gives a clear direction on the implementation of GST so that air of ambiguity gets clear. Companies investing Rs 100 crore or more in plant and machinery during the period FY14 and FY15 will be entitled to deduct an investment allowance of 15% of the investment. Increase surcharge from 5% to 10% on domestic companies whose taxable income exceed Rs 10 crore. In case of foreign companies who pay a higher rate of corporate tax, surcharge to increase from 2% to 5%, if the taxable income exceeds Rs 10 crore. Current surcharge increased from 5% to 10% on dividend distribution tax or tax on distributed income. Concessional rate of tax of 15% on dividend received by an Indian company from its foreign subsidiary proposed to continue for one more year. Removal of cascading effect of DDT in a multi-tier structure where dividend received by a domestic company from its subsidiary (which is also a domestic company) is distributed to its shareholders. Work on draft GST Constitutional amendment bill and GST law expected to be taken forward. sum  of Rs 9,000 crore is set apart in the budget towards the first installment of the balance of CST compensation No change in the normal rates of 12% for excise duty and service tax. No change in the peak rate of basic customs duty of 10% for non-agricultural products. Education cess to continue at 3% No revise either the slabs or the rates of Personal Income Tax. However, relief for Tax Payers in the first bracket of Rs 2 lakh to Rs 5 lakh. A tax credit of Rs 2000 to every person with total income upto Rs 5 lakh. Surcharge of 10% percent on persons (other than companies) whose taxable income exceed Rs 1 crore to augment revenues. Allocation of Rs 80194 crore in 2013-14 for Ministry of Rural Development marking an increase of 46%. The tax rate in case of non-resident taxpayer, in respect of income by way of royalty and fees for technical services as provided under section 115A, is proposed to be increased from 10% to 25%. This amendment will take effect from 1st April, 2014 and will, accordingly, apply in relation to the assessment year 2014-15 and subsequent assessment years. Custom Duty on specified machinery for manufacture of leather and leather goods including footwear reduced from 7. 5% to 5%. Excise duty on cigarettes is being increased by about 18% on all cigarettes except cigarettes of length not exceeding 65 mm. Cigars and cigarillos duty is also being similarly raised. Basic customs duty on hazel nuts is being reduced from 30% to 10%. Basic customs duty on dehulled oat grain is being reduced from 30% to 15%. Export duty of 10% on de-oiled rice bran oil cake is being withdrawn Industry Expectations No hike in excise duty hike on FMCG products The rate of central excise duty on the 65 mm filter cigarette slab be reduced from the existing level of Rs 689 per thousand cigarettes to Rs 200 per thousand cigarettes. The rates of central excise duty for the other slabs of filter cigarette be reduced, or, at the very least, no further increases in duty for these slabs. A hike in Gold import duty Existing exemptions being granted to Food Processing Industry (either in the form of Nil rate of duty / 2% rate of duty) should be continued and no new levy introduced in the forthcoming Union Budget on Food Processing industry Expects to provide some relief by reducing excise duty on Packaging materials used in the food industry Printed Laminates, Pet Jars, Corrugated Cartons from 12% to 6%. Increase in allocation of resources towards NREGA and Bharat Nirman Concrete announcement regarding roll-out of GST Rural focus of the budget and direct tax relief for the middle class Budget Impact Budget imposed excise duty on cigarettes is being increased by about 18% on all cigarettes. Last year there was 21% excise duty hike in cigarette. ITC is expected to pass on this entire 18% hike to consumer. The MNC company’s subsidiaries which pay royalty and fees for technical services to their parents companies outside India will have to 25% tax on it. A 46% rise in allocation for Ministry of Rural Development augment well for FMCG companies, as rural region contributes around 25% to 50% of total revenue to FMCG companies. Stock to watch ITC, Marico, Nestle [ Get Quote ], GSK [ Get Quote ] Consumer, Colgate Palmolive, HUL Outlook The budget was negative for the FMCG sector. There was no major announcement for the sector. There was no rise in income tax slab this time which was very essential looking at less discretionary income in hand of consumer and fall in volume of FMCG companies. However, rise in allocation for Ministry of Rural Development augment well for FMCG companies. The budget is a negative development for the cigarette industry particularly for ITC considering that after last year’s 21% excise duty, this year also there was 18% rise. ITC is left with no choice except to pass on the hike to consumer. Volume are expected to see dip initially, before recovering. Challenges With the growth drivers in place, there are many issues and challenges the sector grapples with. The key challenges faced by FMCG sector players in. India are as follows: Tax Structure Complicated tax structure, high indirect tax, lack of uniformity, high octroi entry 1. tax and changing tax policies. Infrastructural Bottlenecks Agriculture infrastructure, power cost, transportation infrastructure and 2. cost of infrastructure. 89 India China Thailand Ta iwan US 188 210 1301 2766 0 1000 2000 3000 Exhibit IX 18 : Labour cost (US$ per month ) Labour cost (US$ per month) 18. CEIC, Morgan Stanley Research and Investment commission of India, 2008 10 Counterfeits and Pass-offs 3. Emergence of Private Labels 4. Regulatory Constraints Price of Inputs 6. Tax Structure 1. Complicated Tax Structure i. In India, problems are exacerbated by the complicated tax structure. There is a VAT which is to be levied at state level, there are other state taxes such as octroi and entry taxes and then centre levies excise duties and service tax. As a result, no product cost is exactly the same from one state to the next. High Indirect Tax ii. Indirect Tax levels are quite high, especially in light of the fact that the sector provides goods meant for daily consumption. China, for instance, levies a tax of 10% 19.

Scientific Method free essay sample

Based on the information in Table 2, it seems that the more dissolved oxygen in the water there is the higher the population of fish is. 2. If the ppm of dissolved oxygen is increased in water then there will be more fish observed. 3. The experimental approach to test this hypothesis would be to have two separate bodies of water, one with a set ppm of dissolved oxygen and another with an increasing amount of dissolved oxygen. 4. The Independent variable is the dissolved oxygen and the dependent variable is the number of fish observed. 5. The control is the fish. The most appropriate graph for this data set would be a line graph because it showcases trends and findings within the trends. 7. 8. As the quality of the water rises with the increase of dissolved oxygen, the fish population, too, surges. Exercise 2 1. Hypothesis- A plant sitting on a window sill will grow faster as opposed to a plant sitting in the middle of the living room on a coffee table. We will write a custom essay sample on Scientific Method or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Null Hypothesis- There is no difference in where a plant is placed, it will grow at the same rate whether it be sitting in the middle of the room or a window sill. My experimental approach would be to place two plants one on the windowsill and the other on the coffee table and measure the growth every week. Independent variable- The placement of the plant. Dependent variable- Growth rate of the plant. Control- The plant. I will collect my data weekly by measuring any noticeable growth in each plant. The best way to present this data would be a line graph. I will analyze the data by looking for any difference in growth between the two plants. 2. No testable observation 3. Hypothesis- Fishing at 7 o’clock in the morning yields more fish than at noon. Null Hypothesis- Fishing earlier in the morning has no bearing on the amount of fish you catch. The experimental approach would be to fish at both times for a week and record the results. Dependent variable- Amount of fish caught. Independent variable- time of day. Control- fish The data will be collected everyday at 7 o’clock and noon by counting the amount of fish caught at each time. The most appropriate graph would be a bar graph. I will analyze the data by looking for a trend in the amount of fish caught in the morning vs at noon. 4. No testable observation 5. Hypothesis- eating healthy and exercising lowers blood pressure. Null Hypothesis- Blood pressure levels are not affected by eating fatty foods or healthy foods and exercise. The experimental approach would be to check blood pressure levels after eating fatty foods and after eating healthy foods and exercising. Dependent variable- Blood pressure levels. Independent variable- fatty/healthy foods and exercising. Control- Sally The data will be collected by testing the blood pressure levels daily after eating fatty foods and healthy exercise. The most appropriate way to present the data would be by a table. The data will be analyzed for any illustrations that indicate a relationship between healthy eating and exercise and lower blood pressure levels. 6. No testable observation 7. No testable observation 8. No testable observation 9. No testable observation 10. Hypothesis- Ice cream melts faster in warm weather vs cold weather. Null Hypothesis- weather has no bearing on ice cream melting. Taking ice cream outside on a warm day and then on a cold to see if warm weather affects the melting of ice cream would be the experimental approach. Dependable variable- Ice cream melting fast or slow. Independent variable- weather. Control- Ice cream Data will be collected when the days are warm and cold. Best graph for this experiment would be a table. I will analyze the date by looking at the time it took to melt the ice cream on a warm day vs a cold day. 11. One way to apply the scientific method to an everyday problem would be to see if gasoline prices are cheaper during the week. Hypothesis- Gas prices are cheaper during the week. Null Hypothesis- The day of the week does not affect gas prices. The experimental approach would be to observe gas prices during the week and the weekend for a month. Dependable variable- Gas price. Independent Variable- day of the week. Control- Regular Gasoline Data would be collected at the nearest gas station. The best graph would be a bar graph I would analyze the gas prices during the week and the end of the week to see any trend that shows that the hypothesis is true. Scientific method free essay sample Do we start thinking of some type of formal process that will answer all our scientific questions or problems. When I was in school many years ago, we were taught that scientists go through a series of steps to find a solution to a problem or find evidence to support or disprove a theory. It all seemed rather cold, and formal. Going back to school, school has taught me that science has undergone significant changes and has moved away from the rigidity of a fixed series of steps in what was formerly called the scientific method. The Scientific Method Geophysicists opposed his suggestion that the continents glide across the ocean floor, asserting that the ocean floor did not contain adequate power to hold the continents and moreover considerable frictional opposition would transpire (Nelson, 2003). In the 1950s and in the 1960s, reports of the Planets magnetic field and in what way it varied across time, a study known as, presented different support that would confirm that the continents do definitely move (Nelson, 2003). We will write a custom essay sample on Scientific method or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The method by which an expert discovers clarification to an occurrence is named the scientific method. Tracing the Scientific Method After the experiment, any findings should be analyzed to decide whether the hypothesis was correct, incorrect, or somewhere in-between. In this experiment, which was reported in the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry (Yamauchi et al, 2010), the researchers sought to find out what relationship, if any, coffee had upon the development of diabetes. Previous studies had indicated that coffee might be of use to ward off the development of diabetes in humans. The scientists behind this experiment wanted to investigate this possibility in a more focused study than had been previously done.: Scientific Research Scientific Method free essay sample Ruben wants to determine if listening to different types of music will have an effect on a persons pulse. His hypothesis states that if a person listens to rap music, their pulse will increase more than if they listen to other types of music. Ruben takes each participants pulse before, during, and after listening to 30 minutes of music. He has his mother listen to rock music, his sister listen to classical music, and his friend listen to rap music. From the data collected, he determined that rap music raises a persons pulse the most. Halls independent variables would be the type of music and his dependent variables are the mom, sister and friend. 2. Something that could change the hypothesis Is If he played specific songs or If he switched the genres for his mom, sister and friend. The changes would be an Improvement because It will test the effects of the type of music the person enjoys more. We will write a custom essay sample on Scientific Method or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page My experiment will be on which type of whistle will the dog react most with? The types of whistle I will use are a sliding whistle, a dog whistle, and a regular whistle.One hypothesis is that the dog will react more to the dog whistle because of its high pitch that irritates the dog, another is that it will run from the sound of the regular whistle because it is too loud. The independent variables are the whistles and the dependent is the dog. I will start with the sliding, then the dog then the regular whistle. Sliding whistle: no reaction Dog whistle: ran away whining Regular whistle: ran away barking In conclusion my hypothesis were correct the dog and regular whistle had the most affect on the dog.

Free Essays on USAir5050

On September 20, 1989, a day where instrument conditions prevailed, USAir flight 5050 ran off of a wet runway at New York City’s LaGuardia Airport after an aborted takeoff on its way to Charlotte, North Carolina. The flight’s purpose was to replace the cancelled flight 1846. Upon initiating the takeoff roll on runway 31, the airplane started to yaw to the left. The pilot flying at the time was the First Officer. During the takeoff roll the flight crew heard a loud bang and a rumbling noise followed. At this time the Captain took the controls from the First Officer and initiated an aborted takeoff. The Boeing 737-400 was unable to stop before reaching the end of the runway. This accident left two passengers dead, three passengers with serious injuries, and twelve passengers and six crew members with minor injuries. Due to the prevailing weather conditions at the time of departure, many flights were delayed or cancelled for several hours. The Captain had reported to the USAir operations and was expecting to fly from LaGuardia to Norfolk, Virginia as USAir flight 1846. The airline dispatcher decided to cancel the leg to Norfolk, and informed the Captain that the new route was to fly the aircraft without any passengers to Charlotte. Within minutes the dispatcher then informed the Captain that the flight would not be flown empty, but instead would carry passengers to Charlotte as USAir 5050. The Captain was not pleased with this abrupt change because the extra delays would cause both he and the First Officer to exceed crew duty time limitations before reaching their destination. While on the ground at the gate, the Captain decided to go talk to USAir’s ground movement control to check on how decisions on passengers and flights were made. During this time, the First officer was preparing for the flight inside of the cockpit. A Captain from Pan American Airways, who was traveling as a non-revenue passenger entered the ... Free Essays on USAir5050 Free Essays on USAir5050 On September 20, 1989, a day where instrument conditions prevailed, USAir flight 5050 ran off of a wet runway at New York City’s LaGuardia Airport after an aborted takeoff on its way to Charlotte, North Carolina. The flight’s purpose was to replace the cancelled flight 1846. Upon initiating the takeoff roll on runway 31, the airplane started to yaw to the left. The pilot flying at the time was the First Officer. During the takeoff roll the flight crew heard a loud bang and a rumbling noise followed. At this time the Captain took the controls from the First Officer and initiated an aborted takeoff. The Boeing 737-400 was unable to stop before reaching the end of the runway. This accident left two passengers dead, three passengers with serious injuries, and twelve passengers and six crew members with minor injuries. Due to the prevailing weather conditions at the time of departure, many flights were delayed or cancelled for several hours. The Captain had reported to the USAir operations and was expecting to fly from LaGuardia to Norfolk, Virginia as USAir flight 1846. The airline dispatcher decided to cancel the leg to Norfolk, and informed the Captain that the new route was to fly the aircraft without any passengers to Charlotte. Within minutes the dispatcher then informed the Captain that the flight would not be flown empty, but instead would carry passengers to Charlotte as USAir 5050. The Captain was not pleased with this abrupt change because the extra delays would cause both he and the First Officer to exceed crew duty time limitations before reaching their destination. While on the ground at the gate, the Captain decided to go talk to USAir’s ground movement control to check on how decisions on passengers and flights were made. During this time, the First officer was preparing for the flight inside of the cockpit. A Captain from Pan American Airways, who was traveling as a non-revenue passenger entered the ...

Return prenatal visit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Return prenatal visit - Essay Example In the above case study, the general well-being of the fetus can be assessed by getting its heart rate and respiratory rate and know if it is in distress or not. Ultrasound is a very important tool in diagnosing various conditions in obstetrics (Cameron & Moran, 2009). In relation to the case study provided the fundal height was found midway between the umbilicus andpubis symphysis which should be under the umbilicus based on LMP. However, various factors impact the correct interpretation of MSAFP results. These include: gestational age, maternal weight, ethnicity, maternal diabetes mellitus, fetal viability, exclusion of other anomalies, and multiple pregnancy (Cameron & Moran, 2009). Normally, AFP is produced by the york sac, gastrointestinal system and the liver in a fetus (Androutsopoulos, Gkogkos & Decavalas, 2013). Any increase in its level is always indicative of a problem in that area. (Androutsopoulos, Gkogkos & Decavalas, 2013) In the results provided in the case study, the doctor should conduct further tests based on abnormal findings from the fundal height examination and the AFP (Androutsopoulos, Gkogkos & Decavalas, 2013). Androutsopoulos, G., Gkogkos, P., & Decavalas, G. (2013). Mid-trimester maternal serum hCG and alpha fetal protein levels: Clinical significance and prediction of adverse pregnancy outcome. International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 11(2),

Country's economy Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Country's economy - Case Study Example The Figure below shows the economic growth in eight major countries from 1870 to 1996. In 1870, Australia was the richest economy whereas Japan was the poorest economy of the sixteen major economies of that time. In the same year, Australia’s real GDP per capita was almost five times that of Japan. Over the following 126 years, Australia’s economy grew by 1.3% which allowed real GDP per capita to increase by 5 times. However, during the same time, Japan’s economy grew by 2.7% which allowed its real GDP per capita to advance by 28 times. Likewise, Figure 11 also shows the progress made by United States from 1870 to 1996. The long-run rate of economic growth of the American economy was 1.7% which allowed it to raise its living standards by 8 times in 126 years. Therefore, the long-run rate of economic growth is an important measure of the nation’s wealth. (Bernanke, 2003) Figure 1: Economic Growth in Eight Major Countries The output of the economy depends up on the quality and quantity of labor and capital and on their productivity. If the inputs are constant, there is no economic growth in the country. Therefore, one of the inputs has to change along with the productivity for a healthier growth rate. The relationship between inputs and outputs of the economy are reflected in the following equation; which also shows the important factors that affect the long-run rate of economic growth. (Bernanke, 2003) Y= AF (K, N) Where: Y = Output of the economy A = Productivity N = Labor K = Capital Requirements Labor Labor refers to the working force of the nation-be it skilled, semi skilled or unskilled. Labor is one of the most important inputs into the economy. A skilled, educated labor force makes a strong contribution to the other factors of the economy. Along with them, the economy also requires semi-skilled and unskilled labor. However, the most important thing is their constant supply to the market. Similarly, the skills acquire must match the demand of the economy. (Bernanke, 2003) Technological Progress Technological progress refers to the ability of the nation to adapt to update infrastructure and equipments. No country can expect to progress without the necessary infrastructure for specific technology. In our globalized world, the economy needs to incorporate up-to-date technology replacing the obsolete machines to match the increasing demands. The smooth flow with the technological progress allows making the necessary progress. (Bernanke, 2003) Investment Investment refers to the capital requirements of the growing economy. The country needs consistent investment to make remarkable progress and achieve long-run rate of economic growth. Therefore, the nation needs to establish an environment that allows the continuous flow of foreign direct investment into the country and a credit history that allows it to raise the debt when needed. However, there needs to be sustainable amount of debt so that it does not hamper the growth in the long run. (Bernanke, 2003) Productivity It is another important factor for consistent long-run growth rate. This component refers to increase in the efficiency and effectiveness of the same labor and capital inputs. Therefore, if the productivity of the nation increases keeping the labor and capital same, the economy will growth by a certain factor. (Bernanke, 2003) Answer 2 Gross Domestic Output (GDP) is defined as market value of all the goods and services produced by a particular nation within the domestic boundaries. (Amadea, 2011) There are four components of the GDP as shown in the following equation: Y = C + I + G + X Where Y = Total output C = Personal consumption expenditures I = Investment G = Government spending X =

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Leadership - Essay Example It is through the varied yet complimentary leadership paradigms that these CEO’s bring to the organization that constitute SAP’s primary outlook. In addition, there is an overarching resistance to change throughout the organization. While SAP is centrally located in Waldorf, Germany the company has become an international entity, with substantial leadership entities in the United States, Switzerland, Asia-Pacific, and various regions within the Americas. To some degree there are substitutes for leadership operating within the organization. SAP has developed a highly competitive atmosphere, wherein employees are encouraged to develop a number of hobby projects. In these regards, the substitute for leadership consists of this entrepreneurial environment. In terms of a substitute for the seven layer managerial structure, to some degrees this hierarchical structure is necessary as the high number of employees and expansive nature of the company necessitate a complex organiz ational structure. Still, it is noted that there is inefficiency in this structure in that it locates individuals with their manager rather than those whom they actually work with. 2. The type of followers SAP says it wants are â€Å"self-managing, professional employees who create opportunities to fulfill their potential and maximize their value to the organization† (‘Case Study’, pg. 8). SAP currently has instituted a number of measures to reduce their employee attrition rate. In these regards, there is a strong emphasis on promoting employees from within the organization. The company also does not make a regular practice of firing employees whose skills are no longer needed; instead they have made a practice of tailoring career paths for employee development, encouraging employees to work in different areas of expertise. The company also encourages flexible working hours, casual dress styles, as well as long hour meeting times in the cafeteria for employee net working. The company also developed an employee development management culture. Perhaps most importantly the company offered salary levels above the average for the expected work, as well as profit sharing opportunities. In addition they have developed opportunities for employees to gain stock options through an American based program. In all it seems that the company has taken adequate HR measures to stem the employee attrition rate. Rather than developing furthered measures, with the exception of greater stock options, it seems the main attrition problem is linked to the company’s organizational culture and leadership qualities. In these regards, one would need to make deep structural changes that would possibly alter company progress and efficiency. 3. There are a number of notable elements related to the structure at SAP. It seems that the most notable element relates to the seven layer management structure the organization has in place. While the case study indicates tha t the managerial structure was a needed response to the company’s increasing size during the internet boom, there are also a number of elements related to it that have been indicated to be problematic. For instance, â€Å"one of the consequences of this focus on management was that people may be located with their manager rather than being co-located with those they actually work with†

Corporate and brand strategy of Indian telecommunications organization

Corporate and brand strategy of Indian telecommunications organization IDEA Cellular Limited entered to world of Indian Telecommunication in year 2002 after a long series of businesses and collaborations with other companies and groups under Birla group of companies.  [1]  Since then, the company has kept its core center of attention on maximizing the subscriber base and gain maximum share in the GSM mobile services market .The major brand identification happened after bollywood actor Abhishek Bachchan became the brand ambassador with slogan- An Idea can change your life with various ground-breaking adverstiments specially to attract rural people in country For this assignment, information was gathered from various online sources and books. I first explained the corporate and brand strategy for the firm and then analyzed the firms strengths and weaknesses by conducting a SWOT analysis. The next step was to design the marketing strategy for the firm. I positioned the marketing goals and objectives and evaluate the 4 Ps of the firm and then developed the 4 Ps that the firm would utilize in the next year. The final step was based on 7Cs to analysis the company website which helped to developed online strategy for Idea. Industry Analysis: Subscriber base Analysis: As per telecom regulatory authority of India report by October 2010 total subscriber data reached 742.12 million out of which wireless subscriber base reaches 706.69 with overall increase of 2.61% from last year.  [2]   As published latest performance indicator report for quarter April-June 2010 YOY growth is 48.73%  [3]   In rural India teledensity for wireless telephone subscribers is 33.0% where as in urban areas teledensity is 67.0% Top players in wireless telephone subscribers are Bharti, Reliance, Vodafone, Tata and Idea Idea is no.5 player contributes 10.76% to total Indian Telecom wireless industry. Average revenue Per User (ARPU) has dropped by 7% over the last quarter MOU for customers dropped to 2.2% as compared to last quarter results. Source: Telephone Regulatory Authority of India Press Release from May 2010 to October 2010 Reasons for growth in telecom services: Escalating telecom services with improving infrastructure. Introducing new and new service providers. Declining tariffs due to increase in competition to attract lots of customers. Reducing handset costs help in the growth of the industry. Company Analysis: Idea Cellular Limited (!DEA) is one of the leading mobile service provider in India with number of subscribers 74.2 million as on Sept,2010 . Idea is in 11 out of 22 service areas, covering ~80% of the national subscriber base.  [4]  . It is the one of the fastest growing mobile service in India. Idea offers number of services as per customer needs with some unique feature like-womens card for special need of woman (always want to talks more),youth card for young generation of India. Recently idea is awarded with 3G range in 11 major areas out of 22 in India with cover major revenues of Idea. Source: Telephone Regulatory Authority of India report as on 30.10.2010 Mission Statement: We will delight our customers while meeting their individual communication needs anytime anywhere. We survive because of our customers. Porters 5 Force Model(book detail)work required from allessays-incompleted Category Impact Cause Threat of New Entrants High Rules are set by TRAI for new entrants in telecommunication sector .And competition is increasing as new and new entrants are emerging in the market which will become a big challenge for Idea. Bargaining Power of Suppliers Low Cause of service based industry few suppliers are in the market and supplier lacks bargaining power is low. There is huge competition in the market for suppliers for hardware supplies (handsets) and software supplies (mobile software or operations) which makes the bargain power low for suppliers. Bargaining Power of Buyers High Increase of customer awareness for new offers from different brands and number of options available to them to choose the best for themselves, increase in competition make lots of options available to customers which increase the braining power of buyers. Substitutes Low VOIP, Wireless and satellites services have negligible effect on mobile phone operations as they can provide the connectivity when on the move and in turn act as substitute for mobile phones. It means threats from substitutes is low. Rivalry High High Price Competition, High agitate Rate and Promotional offers from competitors are very regular to attract the customers in this industry which gives high rivalry rate. SWOT Analysis: Competitor Analysis Mobile Industry is booming in India with new companies entering every year. Currently the pattern follows by Indian Telecommunication is having metro with highest presence of all major telecommunication companies followed by Circle A and B with presence of only major players and lowest Circle mainly rural areas where only govt support like BSNL operates. With this heavy competition companies are trying their best to find appropriate positions of distinguish their products. There are a few pan-national players like Idea while some are concentrated to particular areas. Idea main focus areas are voice and data traffic and unique VAS services which are primarily through prepaid talk time plans. The lack of brand loyalty among consumers letting competition stronger and stronger in the market. The major Competitors for Idea are: Bharti Airtel Reliance Vodafone Tata BSNL Segmentation: Idea cellular provides GSM mobile services in different regions across various circles. The consumer market for mobile services is majorly segmented as: Geography: Indian telecom industry is divided into 22 main circles and Idea operates in all sector offering different and customised services according to circle .for eg for Punjab circle it provide customised services as Punjab are users and same for other circles as per their requirements. Even there is distinguished between rural and urban area users. Idea mainly penetrates towards rural areas Demographic: Customers are segmented according to their ages and Idea offers mobile services accordingly to age and gender. Young customer between age 15-25 years require less cost and high usage where Idea offer young cards to these age group customers. Same for males and females segment they have different attitudes to use of mobile phones. Considering this Idea offer women cards where with low cost women can talk for long time. Behavioral: On the basis of user type customer can segmented corporate or individual .Idea offer special facilities for people belong to same organization On basis of usage rate customers can segmented as light (dont use mobile much), medium and heavy (use mobile very frequently) and Idea provide special benefits to such type of users. On basis of user status customers are segmented as first time users and regular brand loyal customers. Idea offers lots of different cards and benefits for first time user so that they become brand loyal and better and new offers to regular customers to maintain their brand loyalty. Benefits: Customers mainly classified on basis of their level of customization and the type of services they required. Few customers always prefer to have hassle free and simple plans mainly the old group and few customers always prefer regular customized plan accordingly to their requirements and usage timing. For some customer network and connectivity is more important rather than any plans and offers. Target Market: Idea follows on multi segment approach working on the demands of different segment areas. To target Youth or young people between the age 15 to 25 years, Idea started My-Gang Pre-Paid card on which the local group calls rate 10 paisa per minute and message one paisa per minute. To attract women Idea introduce Women card which provide offers like emergency calling, calling at the rate of 50/min from 2 p.m. to 4 p.m.(kitty party rates). Idea not only young and women customers but offers lots of customized products to provide to various different segmentation of people like lovers, business people, old age people, low income people Market Position and Branding: Brand Strategy: Innovate. Stimulate. Liberate.  [5]   The telecom industry is growing at a very rapid pace. As per the Ansoff Product (book details)- IDEA going along with the Market Development Strategy. Main focus of Idea is to target new markets for eg:rural area of India. Idea mobile provides affordable and reliable services with efficient and stable network in count to, innovative and customised products that set free customers from limitations of time The different ad campaigns based on An Idea can change your life (finally a ad series called what an idea sirji) mainly focused towards creating new ideas, raise awareness and provide solutions to social issues which brings the presence of Ideas network in depth everywhere across India. Yet to explain Marketing Mix: 1.Product Idea Cellular provides services like: Voice and SMS service: Idea offers voice and SMS services at very competitive prices to its customers. Starting with services in Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh, it has now expanded its network to all major circles. Value Added Services: To achieve customer loyalty Idea offer Value Added Services (VAS) major targets women, business people, and young people. Major VAS services includes: GPRS: Witht he increase in internet usage, Idea offer GPRS service to its customer where they use internet whenever they required on their mobile phones and even it offers customers to access mail with real time synchronization with mail server specially for business users. Idea Radio: Idea in collaboration with Radio to offer its customer radio services on mobile. Music Messaging: Cellular Jockey is service where you can send music SMS to your friends and loved one. Other Value Added Services: Other services include live TV streaming, easy billing option, payment by mobile of utility bills, travel booking etc. Wireless Internet: Idea provide wirless serives uder name of Idea net setter in form of plug and play which is simply a USB which require no extra installation to surf internet Strategy for next year: Following the traits, mobile market could reach maturity in next 5-6 years where then differentiation should base only on the services mobile companies provided. So for coming years Idea mobiles should concentrate more on urban market as well with new service offering as presently Idea is more concentrate to rural market.. The following could be some new features they should consider: Idea can come up with new and attractive plans like few years back they introduced caller tunes which really attracted people but at extra costs now in coming time they should provide these services as a part of basic packages. Like other countries they should tie up with mobile manufacturing companies to provide handset along with sim cards and packages. To invest more in rural market they should provide basic information like weather upates,news free of cost cause major of the rural India people depends upon farming. 2. Price: Pricing strategy and Implementation One of the main impact of increased competition is the price wars among companies which result to lower their prices (1paise per second), to survive in the market. Idea should also follow the same pricing strategy to remain in the market because customer who choose idea for low price will else move to other low price mobile service providers which is further aggravated by soon with introduction of MNP (mobile number portability) where customer dont require to change their number. However financial implications of pricing model will affect the overall profitability of company. This turn down is mainly determined by two factors: reduced tariff and customer is billed on per second rather than per minute because previously when a customer talked for 10 seconds he was charged for one minute but now if the customer calls for only 10 second then he will charged for 10 second only. These low levels of margins are not sustainable in the long term, where after some time they have to increase their prices to sustain in market. Although Idea can pick up on its profitability by reducing operating costs. Idea should try to focus on its major rural market by reducing prices and keep loyal to brand 3. Place: Objective: Idea Cellular operates in all 22 service areas/circles parts where more than 76% revenue comes from areas like Delhi, AP, Gujarat, MP, UP, Haryana, Kerala Source: The Telephone regulatory auhotirty of India Press release for subscriber base as on 30.10.2010 The medium of service distribution is as follows: My Idea and Idea Zone: The direct retail shops from Idea which provide all services from buying new connection to pay bills recharge topups, plan change, buying wirless services or idea products. These outlets are located within the city area to cover maximum users. Local Retailers: The authorised distributors of Idea services located anywhere in the city. They only provide services like new connections and recharge top ups but not deal in services special like lost SIM replacement, customer complaint handling etc. At some of these shops, there are facilities for bill payment and cheque drop box. Internet: The Company can also obtain all information from Idea website.Custmoers can also pay their bills, buy top ups. Strategy for next year: Setup more and more My Idea stores, and Idea Zones which help them to directly interact with the customers provide better solutions to theory requests. Open kiosk at important places for bill payment and complaint registrations. Because of India law for security norms, process for apllying new connection is still manual, Idea should try to ease the process to increase the customer experience. 4.Promotion: Objective Most of the mobile companies are providing almost same type of services with few modifications. In this case it is really important to position your brand as best as possible and for this the best idea is to promote the brand with best multimedia campaign and market communication. The objective of campaigns is to communicate the customer various new plans, their features, and promotions. Message and Creative strategy: Idea has developed the whole marketing communication around social issues. The use of brand name Idea in its tagline An Idea can change your life is well placed. It mainly follows two different strategies of creating brand awareness and creating and loyialty for brand purchase intention: Transformational appeal: To create brand awareness, they emphasize to stir up emotions that will motivate purchase especially in rural areas. For example: a 90-second advertisement, where a girl is denied to join the school because of non availability, Abhishek Bachchan who is the principal of the school comes up with idea of starting mobile classes. The students will gather around a mobile to learn the lessons and teachers communicate wirelessly. To make interest, they just showed only a 10 second teaser for first few days and after creating a curiosity among the audience they aired full 90 second commercial. Informational appeal: To create and facilitate brand purchase intention, idea designs campaigns which elaborate product attributes or benefits. In such kind of campaign major attributes like call rates or other benefits such as free talk-time or value added services are highlighted. To fulfil this end they go for product comparison ads (for example: to communicate the benefits of womens calling card they developed a campaign which depicts women from different backgrounds having different lifestyle using their Idea womens calling card to fulfil their different needs such as advice, security and beauty tips). To get the attention of the target audience, first half of the commercial is shot in a background of 1960s i.e. in retro environment. Communication Channels: Mass Media: Television: Idea follows a mass marketing strategy like all other brands because this medium has highest reach in the country. To communicate through this channel: Idea buys television slots from 10 sec to 90 sec in famous TV shows. The concept of advertisement is created by agency Lowe Lintas, Idea choose Abhishek Bachan as their brand ambassador. Idea also sponsors sports events such as that of IPL (became one of the sponsor of Mumbai Indians) which are broadcasted on the TV and watched by millions. Idea sponsors famous award functions and TV reality shows Idea Khataron Ke Khiladi- Part 2, Idea Bharat Ki Shaan on DD, Idea IIFA awards, Idea Filmfare Awards etc. which helps in improving brand image. Print Media: This is mainly used to highlight plans and offers. Whenever a new plan is launched, Idea give full page ads in the leading newspapers and on regular bases Idea give ads about different tariffs and plans. Billboards and Hoardings: Idea places its billboards and hoardings at several places in the city such as on a roadside near a traffic light or on highways. The design is customised according to the region. This helps the company in connecting with the diverse target audience at a local level. Tie up with IOC: Idea also tied up with Indian Oil Corporation to use their petrol pumps and gas agencies for branding and distribution of Idea sim cards and recharge vouchers. Online advertisement: Idea comes up with different campaigns on internet websites from time to time to interact and connect with large online youth community. Mobile advertisement: Idea runs several campaigns and contests on mobile to engage existing customers and reward them through monetary prize, thus, reinforcing the relation of Idea with the customer. 7 Cs of marketing: (book model in appendix) The website of Idea Cellular services is http://www.ideacellular.com/. The website analysis on the basis of 7 Cs of marketing is as follows: Contract: Idea website is divided into nine sections including Home, Prepaid, Postpaid, VAS and Roaming, Business offerings, Customer care, Blackberry, Wireless internet, investors. Website is not too complex and easy to understand even for a person who dont know much about using of internet sites for getting information and can pay online bills indicates that Ideas believe in simplicity for the sake of customers. Content: The content of website is quite useful and presents all the necessary information to customers as well as investors. It covers like company history, major events, press releases, company mission, values, products etc for everyone. From investors prospective it covers sharing holding pattern, Annual reports, presentations etc.Idea users can login for their personal account in website for check details, update them, paying bills etc. Overall it provides required the valuable information Construction: The website is user friendly and easy to use. Connectivity to different tabs is accessible on home page as well as individual tabs itself. All tabs/sections provide simple and direct meaning about their significance. Community: There are different types of communities which keep on entering the market to let people connect. Idea will let you to connect to facebook as well now. Presently people can part of Kaho whats your idea community. Customization: Presently Idea website does not let any customization of any products or plans. If user want any change in their mobile phone plans they have to visit Idea retail outlets The only option available is that people can register their themselves for new connections on available plans or edit their personal details. Communication: There is one common tab appear as a banner for all sections of website run five(presently) promotional advertisements which keep on changing about new plans, products, offers of the company. These advertisements are comparatively of short duration (few seconds).The website is not loud to support the Idea of simplicity. Commerce: The website provides current users to pay their bills,recharge their top ups and edit their personal details.

The Butcher Shop Essay examples -- Personal Narrative, Descriptive, Ob

Around noon on Thursday, my roommate and I walked drearily to the local slaughterhouse, or abattoir, where we would see a pig slaughter. The building we arrived at looked eerie on the school’s campus. The abattoir stood alone, next to the bullpen and at the end of a dirt road. We walked in and a female student greeted us and told us to put on an apron, a hairnet, and a hardhat. The room smelled of warm blood. There were five people in yellow aprons and white hardhats amiably working together butchering a pig, which was currently hanging by its feet, bleeding from its neck. I felt disappointed when I realized we were late, and had missed the pig’s death. I felt my stomach jump into my throat as my visual and nasal senses were overcome with blood. Having been bled, the pig was lowered into a large basin full of water heated to 140 degrees Fahrenheit. Unconscious, the pig didn’t scream or move as it was lowered into the scalding water. The boiling bath loosens up the pig’s hair and nails, which are removed before the pig is butchered. After the bath, two butchers used levers to heave the pig from the water onto the â€Å"Cincinnation.† Resting on the wedge above a giant egg-beater on its side, the pig upon the Cincinnation was the most surreal part of the process. The pig spun around awkwardly and violently while the amiable foreman sprayed it with a high pressure hose causing chunks of pig hair to fly through the air. Stepping away from the jettisoning hair clumps, yet not taking our eyes off of the spinning pig, the whole room seemed to shrink as our focus did upon the pig. My stomach’s queasiness was slowly subsiding as the pig was taken off of the menacing Cincinnation and ont... ...he pig. After passing inspection, the workers in yellow aprons moved the carcass into a huge refrigerator. Inside an amiable man told us all about Cal Poly meat. The meat produced on campus is choice meat, sold at a good price right here in a building next to campus market. The animals on campus are all used for butcher, sale, or research. He had more work to do, but told us he could talk about their work all day. Having witnessed what goes on to provide us our meat, I felt even more comfortable with what I eat. The camaraderie amongst the butchers extended towards all inside the room . Seeing people work on something that means so much to them with such passion was as much of a rare experience as seeing pigs slaughtered. The butchers’ confidence and excitement made for an unforgettable spectacle, visually stimulating and oddly heart-warming.

The Formal Education System Of Pakistan Education Essay

Education is the run manner of scholar on where he can confront the challenges of the universe every bit good as the society. It plays a critical function to put moral, societal and economic criterions of any state and has a really strong consequence on ideas, believes and planning of future constabularies of a state. Education is a state edifice and globally inter-related activity that unlocks the door to modernisation. Education is the right of every kid and it is the duty of the State to supply educational installations to each and every kid. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948 ( as cited in National Education Policy, 1998-2010 ) provinces, â€Å" Everyone has the right to instruction † . The quality instruction is a necessary and inevitable agent for alteration as instruction is a procedure of civilisation and development. Recent grounds of a significant nexus between quality of schooling and single productiveness suggests that, from an economic efficiency position, quality facets of instruction deserve attending. Harmonizing to the Imran ( 2011 ) , the construct of quality in every field is complex in nature, elements, constituents, and in every regard. Quality is the most respectable but the slipperiest term in the field of instruction. Sometimes it is used in appraising sense, for illustration as a graduated table of goodness. Sometimes it is implied to seek some alone features. The quality in instruction refers to the criterion of direction, educational installations, course of study, methods of instruction, pupils, exanimation system, learning staff etc. Secondary instruction holds cardinal place in an educational system of every state, as it is a terminal phase for most of pupils and it besides serves as a linkage between simple phase and higher instruction. As it provides input for higher instruction and hence quality of higher instruction is dependent upon secondary instruction ( AIOU, 1997 ) . Secondary instruction ( IXXII ) is an of import sub-sector of the full educational system. It provides the in-between degree work force for the economic system on one manus and on the other it acts as a feeder for the higher degree of instruction. Higher instruction, which produces quality professionals in different Fieldss, is based on the quality of secondary instruction. Therefore, this degree of instruction demands to be revamped in such a manner that it may fix immature work forces and adult females for the chase of higher instruction every bit good as may besides fix them to set in their practical lives meaningfully and fruitfully ( GOP, 1998 ) Developed states have economic and political stability due to their organized construction for instruction. On the other manus, quality of instruction is hapless at all degrees in developing and under developed states. Developing states like Pakistan need proper alterations in their educational systems harmonizing to the demands of their society and to accomplish their national aims. The criterion of instruction or quality of instruction is really low in Pakistan. Without bettering quality of instruction, we can non maintain gait with the modern epoch. Keeping this issue in position it was the demand of the twenty-four hours to compare the quality of secondary school instruction in public and in private managed schools to the factual place. Iqbal ( 1987 ) reported that pupils in developing states have a low average degree of accomplishment compared to industrial states and their public presentation shows a much greater fluctuation around the mean. Harmonizing to a study of the World Bank ( 1999 ) , the chief things which authoritiess can make to better the quality of instruction are puting criterions, back uping inputs to better, accomplishments, following flexible schemes for the acquisition and usage of inputs, and supervising public presentation. By and large the stairss are non taken because of the weight of the bing instruction hurrying and direction patterns. Learning procedure requires five inputs: the pupil with larning capableness, capable or information to be transferred, teacher holding bid on the topic, clip for acquisition, and tools for learning and acquisition. Secondary instruction holds a cardinal place as it is the terminal phase for the bulk of pupils. The largest figure of educated work force in Pakistan is available at this phase. The economic experts believe the secondary instruction to be a anchor of the economic system while the sociologists consider it is an effectual arm of societal reforms. It can be said that the secondary instruction is strongly related with the economic advancement and societal public assistance of the state ( Ali, 1970 ) . Two chief sectors working side by side in the field of secondary instruction are private and authorities sector in Pakistan. National Education Policy ( 1979 ) identified that private sector plays an of import function in the development of instruction in a state. It helps both in the qualitative betterment and enlargement. Private sector bears a good trade of outgos burden on this of import societal cause even in the most advanced states. In a state like Pakistan where the population growing rate is about 3 per centum, yearly and merely approximately 20 per centum of the bing kids are in the secondary schools, the support of the private sector is severely needed to portion this immense load. Government entirely can non construct and run all the schools required for this intentAims of the surveyThis survey seeks to compare the quality of instruction of public and private schools of Gujranwala and the aims of survey were as: To compare the consequences of their pupils who appeared in boards ‘ scrutiny. To compare the quality of instruction in footings of physical installations and substructure qualities. To compare the ability of instructors. To compare their fee and salary construction. To compare their educational procedures.Significance of the surveyQuality instruction includes iˆ Learners, Environments, Content, Processes and Outcomes ( UNICEF, 2000 ) . Government sector is unable to suit the demands of quickly turning population. No 1 can deny the importance of private sector. Different surveies have highlighted the lacking quality of private sector. This survey endeavors to place the quality of larning environment and substructure in public and private schools. The consequences of this survey will be huge aid to the parents, pupils and general populace in the designation of the quality of public and private schools. This survey will besides be imperative for contrivers and policy shapers to heighten the quality of instruction and supply footing for reforms in instruction to get the better of all failings of public and private schools by integrating all the superior facets of both sectors.Problem statementThe research worker aims to pull the comparing the criterions of public and private secondary schools of Gujranwala in footings of quality of instruction.Research Questions or HypothesisQ1: How can we compare quality of instruction in footings of quality of physical installations and substructure? Q2: What is the difference of fee construction of public and private schools? Q3: What is the difference of salary bundle of the instructors of public and private schools? Q4: What is the difference of making of instructors of public and private schools? Q 5: What is the difference of difference of occupation term of office of public and private schools? Q6: What is the difference of making of principals of public and private schools? Q7: What is the difference of professional making of instructors and principals of public and private schools?Chapter IILITERATURE REVIEWIn this chapter, a elaborate reappraisal of accessible literature on the quality of secondary instruction in Pakistan has been presented along with a critical reappraisal of the related research has besides been presented at the terminal.Role of EducationEducation is a powerful drive force which drives mental, physical, ideological and moral readying of an person, so at the same clip it ease them to hold full consciousness of an instrument for their religious development along with the material fulfilment of human existences. With- in the context of Islamic – perceptual experience, instruction is an instrument for developing the attitude of persons in conformity with the value of righteousness which helps to construct a sound Islamic society ( Govt. of Pakistan, 1998 ) . Education plays an of import function in human resource development as it increases the end product, competency of persons and produces adept work force that is capable of taking the economic development. Importance of Education for human resource development does non necessitate any justification. The developed states give highest precedence to instruction ; same is the instance with the developing states. The fundamental law of Pakistan defines instruction as one of the cardinal rights of a citizen every bit good as constitutional committedness of the authorities accepts to supply entree to instruction to every citizen ( Govt. of Pakistan, 2000 ) .Formal Education System of Pakistanâ€Å" The Government of Pakistan shall supply free and mandatory instruction to maximal kids of the province. It might be determined by jurisprudence. † ( Govt. of Pakistan, 1972 ) . The intent of instruction is to extinguish the poorness and to better the societal behaviour. Education enhances the societal and ethical development. In formal instruction system, there are figure of phases.Pre-schoolingThe age-group for the pre-schooling is 3 to 5 old ages ( before one category, in Public schools Kachi category and in private schools. Play group /nursery/ homework ) .Primary SchoolingThe age-group for primary is 5 to 9 old ages ( Class 1 to 5 ) .Middle SchoolingThe age-group is 10 to 12years ( Class 6 to 8 ) .Secondary EducationBoard of Intermediate and Secondary Education [ BISE ] conducts the scrutiny ( Class 9 & A ; 10 ) .Higher Secondary/Intermediate EducationBISE awards the certification of Higher Secondary School Education ( HSSC ) ( Class 11 & A ; 12 ) .Higher EducationFour old ages instruction after Higher Secondary Education is considered as higher instruction. Two old ages for Bachelor ‘s grade and farther 2 old ages for Master ‘s grade. BS aw ards is besides equal to this grade. M. Phil and PhD plans are besides farther promotion after the completion of maestro grade. Academy of Educational Planning and Management ( 2010-11 ) reported the elaborate analysis of instruction system in Pakistan. Beginning: Academy of Educational Planning and Management, Govt. of Pakistan ( 2010 ) Figure 2.1: Structure of instruction Sector in Pakistan Education system of Pakistan is comprised of 270,825 establishments and is easing 40,926,661 pupils with the aid of 1,507,100 instructors. The system is composed of 194,151 public establishments and 76,674 private establishments. The public sector is functioning 26.63 million pupils to finish their instruction while the staying 13.96 million pupils are in private sector of instruction ( AEPM, 2010-11 ) .Importance of Secondary EducationIt is a true fact that fate of a state is shaped in the schoolrooms which implies that instruction is the chief beginning of advancement and development. It can be said without any vacillation that instruction can be largely responsible for the hereafter of Pakistan. Through instruction, state edifice procedure for the hereafter citizens of the state can take topographic point. As shortly the instruction molds pupils, state will be molded. From this point of position, a batch of duties lie with the educationalist for quality instruction. Therefore, the instruction must be qualitative so that the pupils may develop necessary cognition, attitude and accomplishments to execute their responsibilities efficaciously. It is in this context that quality instruction becomes the most of import component to heighten the quality of life in any state. It is so worthwhile to raise some issues in this respect and think of their solution ( AEPM, 2010-11 ) . In the earlier period of Pakistan, the highest precedences were literacy and numeracy in the schools. But subsequently, personal growing with the communicating accomplishment, accomplishment for societal life, problem-solving accomplishment and co-ordination of physical and mental accomplishments got attending and importance by the society. Schools contribute its function in a vivacious manner through the course of study. Secondary schools develop the ability of logical thinking, proper usage of linguistic communication, societal and emotional stability in the pupils. Secondary instruction plays a major function to bring forth realistic and adept pupils. Secondary instruction in all over the universe recognized as an of import degree. The quality of higher instruction is depended upon the quality of this phase. This is the important age of adolescence for young person ( AEPM, 2010-11 ) . In Italy higher secondary schools ware called â€Å" tribunal schools † . In England these types of schools were named â€Å" Grammar Schools † in1510.In USA foremost junior â€Å" Inter montage † came into being in California in 1907. In Pakistan, secondary instruction consists of four categories IX to XII. These are called secondary and higher secondary. In Pakistan higher secondary schools were established in 1954-55 ( Shahzad, 2007 ) . Harmonizing to the National Education Policy ( 1979 ) , the instruction system consists of three degrees as: Elementary Education: I to VIII Secondary Education: IX to XII Higher Education: Thirteen and so on ( Govt. of Pakistan, 1979 ) .Five Year Plans and Secondary EducationEight Five Old ages programs were presented by Government of Pakistan for the improvement of instruction in Pakistan.The First Five-Year Plan ( 1955-60 )Harmonizing to the First Five-Year Plan ( 1955-60 ) , the chief aims of secondary instruction were to present diversified classs in commercialism, agribusiness and proficient topics, to better the quality and to increase the figure of secondary schools. With the aid of repeat of history and political orientation of Pakistan, character edifice can be possible at secondary degree. Mathematicss and scientific discipline are mandatory topics for person ‘s calling. 15 schools will be upgraded to high degree. 75 new public schools will be opened. Grants-in-aid will be given to 100 privateschools.500 center and 100 high schools will be improved by adding scientific discipline classs. Registration in high schools increased from 0.10 9 million in 1955 to 0.149 million in 1960 ( Memon, 1986 ) .In this program the more accent on the measure instead than quality. The Second Five Year Plan ( 1960-65 ) The chief aims of the 2nd five twelvemonth program are integrating of in-between categories in higher secondary schools, variegation of classs, counsel coders, gap of residential schools, and increase of registration of secondary instruction ( Iqbal, 1993 ) . During the Plan 160 high schools were opened with all physical installations. 103 in-between schools were up-graded to high schools. Harmonizing to Hussain ( 2003 ) , â€Å" the plan for secondary instruction proposed in the program will increase the registration by 430.000 pupils at this degree. † The program shapers emphasized on measure merely and cipher was concerned about the quality of instruction provided to the pupils.The Third Five-Year Plan ( 1965-70 )Iqbal ( 1993 ) defines the aims of the 3rd five twelvemonth program. The chief aims of secondary instruction are in-between phase would be mandatory, development of educational installations, upgrading of in-between schools to high schools, accent on scientific discipline and mathematics, to bring forth adept state, and alter the course of study from general instruction to development of agricultural, commercial and administrative accomplishments. Policy shaper did non concentrate the quality of instruction. Student ‘s registration was the Centre of attending.Non- Plan Period ( 1970-78 )Harmonizing to the Iqbal ( 1993 ) that during non-plan per iod, the chief aims of secondary instruction were to contract down the difference between schools with the aid of comprehensive course of study, to accomplish an registration ratio of 40:60 between scientific discipline and humanistic disciplines programmes and consolidation of go outing secondary schools. Harmonizing to Govt. of Pakistan ( 1970 ) , â€Å" At the high phase ( Class IX and X ) registration is proposed to be increased by: 35 million against an registration of 77 million at the terminal of 3rd Plan. †Fifth Five-Year Plan ( 1978-83 )The 5th program is really of import in the respect of secondary instruction. There was a outstanding alteration in instruction of measure to quality. Curricula reform aimed at add-on of occupation orient preparation in secondary instruction. 195 Science research labs were constructed. The program provides the agro- proficient classs in 874 schools ( Memon, 1986 ) . Care and betterment of installations in all secondary schools would be mandatory. Although the necessity and importance of secondary instruction was accepted in all stakeholders, but subsequently decision makers neglected the said steps.The Sixth Five-Year Plan ( 1983-88 )Education is really necessary for the development of a society. Without instruction, no 1 has of all time been uplift himself and ne'er assist supply economically benefits to his state. In harmonizing to 6th program Mathematics, Urdu, Islamiyat, Pakistan Studies and Science topics were the mandatory topics. Particular focal point on mathematics and scientific discipline was indispensable for all pupils at secondary instruction ( Govt. of Pakistan, 1983 ) . Measure of high schools would be increased to 5530 and 1073 in-between schools to be up-graded ( Memon, 1986 ) .The Seventh Five-Year Plan ( 1988-93 )The instruction system suffers from critical status. Forty per centum of the kids do non hold entree to instruction. Harmonizing to Govt. of Pakistan ( 1988 ) , â€Å" The 7th program scheme was to increase the literacy rate through betterment and enlargement of primary instruction every bit good as to actuate the private sector to play an active function. While it was estimated that the literacy rate will lift to about 40 per centum by 1992-93, the substructure created during the 7th p rogram was expected to give a literacy rate of 80 per centum by terminal of the century. † The 7th program will be spread out the secondary instruction installations. The course of study at secondary degree will be changed. For the betterment of quality of instruction in secondary schools, Bachelor of Education ( B.Ed. ) grade holder instructors will be appointed. A little inn for pupils will be provided to secondary schools. One theoretical account school for male childs and one for misss will be launched in each territory for the betterment of quality ( Hussain, 2003 ) .Eighth Five Year Plan ( 1993-98 )Education is cardinal right of every kid. To carry through the demand of measure, schools ignored the quality and a big figure of educational establishments were opened without proper substructure. Harmonizing to Govt. of Pakistan ( 1993 ) , â€Å" Facilities for secondary instruction will be extended to absorb the increased end product from primary schools. For this intent, about 2.4 million extra seats in categories VI to X will be created by upgrading primary and in-be tween schools, set uping new high schools and adding schoolrooms in the bing schools. Construction of extra schoolrooms and betterment of the bing edifices of schools will besides be carried out. In urban countries, 2nd displacement will be introduced in secondary schools wherever executable. † Private sector will be appreciated for the partnership to raise the registration at the secondary degree. Curriculum will be revised for better quality. Science laboratories will be provided with better-trained instructors ( Govt. of Pakistan, 1993 ) . Hussain ( 2003 ) evaluated that â€Å" The 8th national five twelvemonth program will promote in spread of quality educational establishments to the distant countries of the state. Till the terminal of the Eighth program, each territory will hold a theoretical account school for male childs and each division will hold such an establishment for misss in the populace or private sector. Private sector will be encouraged to set up the quality instruction establishments. Government will set up theoretical account schools merely in territories where such establishments do non be under public or private sector †National Education Policies in PakistanSecondary instruction was discussed in all National Policies of Pakistan.Report of Commission on National Education ( 1959 )On 30th December, 1958 the Government of Pakistan appointed a committee. The map of this committee is to analyse all the old studies and all on-going educational motions of the state. The committee recognized seconda ry instruction as a separate academic unit. The committee besides suggested that the secondary instruction should be divided into three phases ( 6 to 12 ) . Urdu, scientific discipline and mathematics should be taught as mandatory topics. Consequences should be complied on the public presentation of the pupils. Science labs and libraries should be provided in all secondary schools ( Govt. of Pakistan, 1959 ) .The Education Policy ( 1972-1980 )On 15th March, 1972 the president of Pakistan Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto presented the Educational policy 1972-1980. He expressed that the instruction system was rendered by the pick of the harvest in Pakistan. The authorities allocated really low budget for the instruction. The intent of instruction should bring forth the state with spiritual positions, traditions and civilization. Education system divided into four phases of primary secondary, college and university. Harmonizing to Memon ( 1986 ) , â€Å" Secondary Education should non be abstract enterprise but must associate to the employment chances. The secondary instruction may supply for progressive integrating of general and proficient instruction. The registration in humanistic disciplines topics may be restricted to the bing degree and important addition should be made in scientific discipline and agro proficient instruction †National Education Policy, 1979Secondary instruction was recognized as a terminal phase of pupils in the National Education Policy, 1979. The quality of higher instruction is based on the quality of secondary instruction. Elementary, secondary and university instruction are three degrees of Pakistan ‘s instruction system s. Physical installations such as scientific discipline labs, and libraries would be provided to the secondary schools. Curriculum should be upgraded. Mathematicss would be mandatory capable. One 1000 center schools will be upgraded to high schools and 200 new schools would be opened. New instructors would be appointed ( Ghaffar, 2003 ) . Board of Intermediate and Secondary would be held the scrutiny system at secondary degree. Estimated needed budget was Rs. 8,073 million for secondary instruction ( Govt. of Pakistan, 1979 ) .National Education Policy 1998-2010In the position of National Education Policy 1998-2010, secondary instruction has played important function in the whole instruction system. It enhances the work force for the economic system and bring forth feeder the higher degrees of instruction. The quality of higher instruction is based upon the quality of secondary instruction ( Govt. of Pakistan, 1998 ) . The policy shapers had pointed out some failing in the secondary instruction such as: No attractive force for the investor. Unplanned enlargement and irrational distribution of schools. Being of scientific discipline and mathematics instructors had non been valued. Technical and vocational instruction at secondary degree remained a controversial issue. Physical installations and text editions were deficient. The undermentioned stairss were identified in the policy for the accomplishment of the aims of secondary instruction in the state: New theoretical account secondary school would be opened. Definite career at secondary degree would be introduced. Revision of course of study would be compulsory. Multiple text books would be introduced at secondary degree. In-service and pre-service instructors developing programmes would be arranged. Project method of learning would be initiated at secondary degree. Education service committee would be established Salary constructions of instructors would be based on making. Education card would be provided to destitute pupils ( Ghaffar, 2003 ) . The secondary degree input rate is 32 per centum which will be raised to 48 per centum. Harmonizing to Govt. of Pakistan ( 1998 ) , â€Å" Course of study at secondary phase will be based on two rules. First, at it will supply a compulsory nucleus of topics give every student the cognition utile for a underdeveloped society. Second, it will include extra topics and developing to fix the pupils of a definite calling. Curricula for secondary phase ( IX- XII ) shall be revised with a position to excite job resolution, independent thought and in the visible radiation of other aims outlined above.National Plan of Action 2001-2005Technical instruction was offered in Matriculation as capable. Its chief intent was to fix pupils for the practical life. After finishing their secondary instruction, they could take the work. National Plan of Action [ NPA ] had mark to set up 1,100 proficient high schools in the state. The chief aims of NPA were to emphasis on instruction of adult females, to he ighten engagement of society and to advance the quality instruction. Quality betterment and school effectivity had been given cardinal importance. The chief quality inputs were besides pointed out in the National Plan of Action 2001-2005. National Education Assessment System ( NEAS ) was introduced ( Govt. of Pakistan, 2003 ) .National Education Policy 2009The reviewed procedure for the National Education Policy 1998-2010 was shaped in 2005 named â€Å" White Paper † . This White Paper became the footing of New Policy and finalized in March 2007.The secondary school system prepares immature people for life. Supplying accomplishments to the labour market and supplying input to the higher instruction are two of import functions of secondary instruction. Access at secondary schools in Pakistan is low in comparing to other states. Average ratio of secondary to primary school is 1: 6 in Pakistan, but in different parts of the state, it is 1:13 ( Govt. of Pakistan, 2009 ) . Following stairss will be taken for the betterment of secondary instruction in Pakistan: Provision shall be expanded specially in those locations where the ratio of Secondary schools is low. Student fiscal support shall be increased. Students shall present more student-centre teaching methods. Handiness of reding installations for the pupils. Life Skills-Based Education ( LSBE ) shall be promoted.